🏙️ Unit 2 都市システムと空間構造

Centralizing city-causation (centripetal) forces are counterbalanced by opposing decentralizing (centrifugal) forces.

Decentralizing (centrifugal) forces tend to limit the growth of city size and disperse population.

The centralizing forces cause cities to tend to agglomerate into fewer and larger cities over time.

Three primary centralizing forces cause cities to coalesce into a system of cities.

The decentralizing forces tend to make more, smaller cities dispersed throughout the territory.

These three forces underlie an important characteristic of urban growth dynamics known as cumulative causation.

It suggests that there can be momentum in the growth (or decline) of cities and regions.

One or a few large cities tend to siphon population and grow faster than smaller cities.

These forces underlie an important characteristic of urban growth dynamics.

Super cities like Tokyo and New York siphon population from smaller cities.

Economies of scale refers to the phenomenon whereby it is cheaper and more efficient to produce more in larger volume at fewer sites.

Economies of agglomeration are cost or productivity advantages to the clustering of firms or work sites physically near each other.

A closely related economic concept is that of positive locational externalities.

Horizontal linkages result in synergy across firms, creating creative cross-fertilization and stimulation of individuals.

Synergy across firms results in creative cross-fertilization and stimulation of individuals.

This synergy does not necessarily require a critical mass of firms or workers.

Economies of agglomeration are advantages to the clustering of firms or work sites.

Proximity to other firms creates opportunities for synergy and knowledge exchange.

Horizontal linkages across firms result in synergy and creative cross-fertilization.

Vertical linkages connect upstream and downstream production processes.

Vertical linkages connect upstream and downstream production processes.

The rank/size rule and geographical regional dispersion together suggest a hierarchical structure of cities.

The most populous city has a rank of 1, and the rank of the population of the city is approximately equal to its rank.

Congestion, pollution, crime, and high intra-urban transportation costs are negative features of large cities.

High intra-urban transportation costs are one of the negative features of large cities.

A country with 100 million city dwellers can have at most only 10 cities with 10 million inhabitants.

If you rank all the cities in a coherent geographical region, a pattern emerges.

The rank/size rule suggests that the second-largest city is about half the size of the largest city.

Each city has a place and a role as an element in a system of cities.

The rank/size rule may not apply to systems with dominant capital cities.

Each city has its own zones of influence where it provides services and economic functions.

Decentralizing forces make more, smaller cities dispersed throughout the territory.

The spatial structure of cities affects real estate markets and property values.

Cities in a system show functional specialization, with different cities serving different roles.

Market-oriented activities tend to locate near their customers.

Each service requires a threshold population to be economically viable.

The gravitational model predicts interaction between cities based on their size and distance.

Cities do not exist as isolated or purely random phenomena.

The nature of the system of cities has implications for the nature of the space markets.

These three forces underlie an important characteristic of urban growth dynamics.

Agglomeration economies do not require increased quantity of production per se.

Economies of scale refers to the phenomenon whereby it is cheaper and more efficient to produce more.

Cumulative causation represents a positive feedback loop in urban growth.